How to Design Classic Synth Sounds Using Subtractive Synthesis

by

Synthesizers have shaped modern music since their inception, and among the various synthesis methods, subtractive synthesis stands out for its simplicity and effectiveness. In this article, we will explore how to design classic synth sounds using subtractive synthesis, focusing on the essential components and techniques that can help you achieve iconic tones.

Understanding Subtractive Synthesis

Subtractive synthesis involves starting with a rich sound wave and then removing (or subtracting) frequencies to shape the final sound. This technique is foundational in many synthesizers and allows for the creation of a wide range of sounds, from lush pads to punchy basses.

The Sound Waveforms

Before diving into sound design, it’s crucial to understand the basic waveforms used in subtractive synthesis:

  • Sine Wave: The purest waveform, producing a smooth tone.
  • Square Wave: Rich in harmonics, great for thick sounds.
  • Sawtooth Wave: Contains both even and odd harmonics, perfect for creating bright sounds.
  • Triangle Wave: Similar to sine but with a softer tone, often used for mellow sounds.

Key Components of Subtractive Synthesis

To effectively design sounds using subtractive synthesis, you need to understand the key components involved:

  • Oscillator: Generates the initial waveform.
  • Filter: Removes specific frequencies from the sound.
  • Amplifier: Controls the overall volume of the sound.
  • Envelope: Shapes the sound over time, affecting parameters like attack, decay, sustain, and release (ADSR).
  • LFO (Low-Frequency Oscillator): Modulates various parameters for added movement and depth.

Setting Up Your Synth

Begin by selecting your synthesizer and initializing a preset to start from scratch. This ensures you have a clean slate to work with. Follow these steps to set up your synth:

  • Choose your oscillator waveform. Start with a sawtooth wave for a bright sound.
  • Set the oscillator pitch to your desired note.
  • Adjust the oscillator’s detune setting slightly for a richer sound.

Designing Classic Synth Sounds

Now that your synthesizer is set up, let’s explore how to create some classic sounds using subtractive synthesis.

Creating a Classic Bass Sound

Classic bass sounds are essential in many genres, especially in electronic and pop music. Here’s how to create a punchy bass sound:

  • Start with a square wave oscillator.
  • Apply a low-pass filter to remove higher frequencies, setting the cutoff around 100-200 Hz.
  • Adjust the filter resonance to add some character, but keep it subtle.
  • Use a short attack time on the envelope for a quick response.
  • Set a moderate decay and low sustain level to allow the sound to punch through.
  • Experiment with the LFO to modulate the filter cutoff for added movement.

Designing a Warm Pad Sound

Warm pads are perfect for creating atmospheric textures in your music. Follow these steps to design a lush pad sound:

  • Choose a sawtooth wave oscillator for a rich harmonic content.
  • Set the filter to a low-pass with a cutoff around 500 Hz to smooth out the sound.
  • Increase the filter resonance to add warmth.
  • Use a slow attack time on the envelope to create a swell effect.
  • Set a longer decay and sustain to maintain the sound over time.
  • Consider adding a second oscillator slightly detuned for a fuller sound.

Crafting a Lead Sound

Leads are often the focal point of a track. Here’s how to create a cutting lead sound:

  • Select a sawtooth wave or a combination of sawtooth and square waves.
  • Use a high-pass filter to remove low frequencies, setting the cutoff around 200-300 Hz.
  • Set a moderate resonance to enhance the presence of the lead.
  • Use a fast attack time on the envelope for an immediate sound.
  • Adjust the decay and sustain for a tight sound that can cut through the mix.
  • Experiment with pitch modulation via LFO for added expressiveness.

Tips for Effective Sound Design

Here are some additional tips to enhance your sound design skills using subtractive synthesis:

  • Always start with a clear idea of the sound you want to create.
  • Don’t be afraid to experiment with different waveforms and filter settings.
  • Use modulation creatively to add movement and interest to your sounds.
  • Pay attention to the mix; ensure your sounds sit well together in the overall arrangement.
  • Take notes on your settings to replicate or tweak sounds later.

Conclusion

Designing classic synth sounds using subtractive synthesis is an art that combines understanding waveforms, filters, and modulation techniques. With practice, you can create a wide range of sounds that can elevate your music production. Embrace the process, experiment, and enjoy the journey of sound design!